A sedimentary deposit is that body of solid materials accumulated at or near the surface of the earth under the low temperatures and pressures which normally characterize thie environment. The sediment is generally, but not always, deposited from a fluid in which it was contained either in a state of suspension or solution. This definition encompass most of the materials considered sediments, a…
Geology is primarily history-a history of the earth. Petrology has to do with the history of rocks and sedimentary petrology is concerned with the history of the sedimentary rocks. Statigraphy also has to do with geologic history. The primary task of stratigraphy is to ascertain the order of superposition of the strata at any given place and then to integrate the local geologic column thus cons…
Speculation about basalts began early. Pliny's Natural History was published about A.D.77 (see Adams, 1938) and classified basalt as black marble, but he referred to most dense building stone as marble, so probably was implying no genetic link. Although some ancient Greeks and Romans correctly guessed that basalts were related to volcanism, at the end of the Dark Ages basalts was thought to be …
Geologist distinguish between mineral reserves and mineral resources. The term resource refers to hypothetical and speculative, undiscovered, subeconomic mineral deposits or an undiscovered deposit of unknown economic. Reserves are concentrations of a usable mineral or energy commodity, which can be economically and legally extracted at teh time of evaluation. Today, mineral resources have beco…
This book is primarily for use in introductory courses in remote sensing and image interpretation. Given the many diverse apllications of remote sensing, courses on the subject appeal to students having a wide range of academic backgrounds and interests. We have written this book in anticipation of the variety of settings in which remote sensing might be used and have made this discussion “di…
Science is a systematic study of the physical world that employs a method of inquiry called the scientific method. A cornerstone of the scientific method is the gathering of Knowledge through observation and measurement. All measurements have limitations of accuracy and precision and scientists often convey the limitations of accuracy and precision and scientiest ofthen convey the limitations o…
Mineralogy is the science of minerals, which are the naturally occurring elements and compounds making up the solid parts of the universe. We generally think of mineralogy in term of the materials of the earth's crust. However, meteorites provide us with samples of minerals from outside the earth, and geophysical measurements furnish some indication of the nature of the minerals below the acces…
Indonesia merupakan negeri kepulauan terluas di Indonesia, yang memiliki daratan sekitar dua juta kilometer persegi meliputi 17.500 lebih pulau besar dan kecil. Pulau yang satu dengan yang lain disatukan oleh laut dan secara keseluruhan luas wilayah lautannya sekitar dua setengah kali luas daratan. Deretan pulau yang berbentuk bak untaian permata berwarna hijau itu membuah banyak orang, baik an…
The history of the early mining labor movement in the West is the history of the hardrock miner. It is the story of his hopes and trials, his joys and hardships, his aspirations and grievances, his successes and failures, It is shaped by his background, by the hazards of his daily work and by the chranging technology and management in his trade. The goals of the movement are a tribue to his com…
The recognition of minerals by means of their optical properties is doubt-less the single most widely used and most widely applicable method of mineral identification. Optical methods applied to minerals in thin section have long been used and were developed to a state of considerable refinement before the immersion methode became widely known. The first application of the immersion method was …