Vol enthousiasme en goede moed begon ik in september 997 aan het promotie-onderzoek dat heft geleid tot dit proefschrifit. Toch liep het, vooral de eerste twee jaar, anders dan gehoopt. Zonder alle hulp en steyn die ik heb mogen krijgen had ik dit onderzoek nooit tot een goed einde kunnen volbrengen.
The late Mesozoic and Cenozoic convergence between Europe and Africa led to the Alpine mountain belt. In this thesis we will focus on the Aegean segment of this belt.
Merapi volcano, located at Central Java - Indonesia, is one of the most active volcano in the world. Since 1006, about 60 cycle of activity were reported. During the 100 years, more than 24 activities recorded in detail. Dome formation and pyroclastic flow have been occurred in turns.
Pada Juni - Juli 1998 terjadi peningkatan aktifitas kegempaan di G. Papandayan, rata-rata terekam 4 gempa vulkanik per hari. Selama periode peningkatan tersebut sebanyak 7 stasiun perekam gempa digital disebar sekitar G. Papandayan. Sebanyak 60 gempa vulkanik dapat di tentukan lokasi sumber gempanya menggunakan metode Geiger.
Salah satu fenomena alam yang terjadi sejak bumi ini terbentuk, yaitu erupsi gunungapi. Fenomena ini sejak adanya peadaban dan kehidupan manusia menjadi bencana alam yang kedatangannya tidak dapat diduga secara pasti kapan terjadinya, yang dapat merusak sarana dan prasarana untuk menunjang kelangsungan hidup.
The Chalk Group accumulated during a 40 million-year episode of the Earth's history (100-61 Ma BP) during which intense volcanic activity at oceanic spreading ridges coincided with globally high sea levels, high sea-surface temperatures and a peak in coincided with globally high sea levels, high sea-surface temperatures and a peak in the production of organic matter.
A I'heure actuelle, I'Indonesie possede 129 volcans en activite, que se succedent depuis I'ile de Sumatra jusqu'a I'ile de Sulawesi et a la mer de Banda.
Mt. Semeru volcanic complex is basalt-andesite composite volcano in East Java, Indonesia. The structural geology of study area is indicated by faults or structural trends and negative volcanic landforms such as calderas, maars, craters and escarpments.
The Ijen caldera complex is located in an active tectonic region, where the Indian plate is now sliding approximately northward beneath Java at about 6-7 cm/yr. This study is in two parts, the firs is detailed field mapping and includes a geological map and stratigraphy, which form the basis for other work. The second concentrates on the post-caldera pyroclastic deposits.
The Ijen caldera in East Java contains on of the world's largest (600 x 1000m) and deepest (180m) hyperacid (pH