All creatures presumably have some kind of awareness of their surroundings, and there is abundant evidence that some kind of mental imagery is a normal activity of the brain in at least the higher animals. How this takes place is still a mystery. This imagery ranges from purely pictorial recall such as a remembered face to artificial con-structs such as might occur in a fanciful dream. An indis…
Maps are graphic representations of the cultural and physical environment. Two subclasses of maps exist: general-purpose (reference) maps and thematic maps. This text concerns the design of the thematic map, which shows the spatial distribution of some geographical phenomenon. Map scale, or the amount of reduction of the real world, is critical to the cartographer, since it determines selection…
To geologist, the field is where rocks or soils can be observed in place, and field geology consist of the methods used to examines and interpret structures and materials at the outcrop. Field studies are primary means of obtaining geologic knowledge. Some studies may be as simple as visiting a single outcrop or quarry, making notes and sketches on the relations between certain rocks, and colle…
Definisi pulau terluar adalah pulau dengan luas area kurang atau dengan 2000 Km yang memiliki titik-titik dfassar koordinat geografis yang menghubungkan garis pangkal laut kepulauan sesuai dengan hukum internsional dan nasional. Pulau-pulau terluar sejatinya berperan sebagi garis depan kedaulatan dan yuridikasi Indonesia dan memiliki arti penting dalam penentuan batas teritorial negara kesatua…
Structural Geology may be defined as a study of the framework of the earth’s crust and the causes that are distorting it. However, in its broader phases, structural geology is not limited merely to crumplings and fractures of the crust. Although we see only a thin rin and although information about the unseen vast interior must, of necessity, be based on indirect evidence – yet it is deep-s…
Structural Geology brings together in condensed form the fundamentals of the geology of primary and secondary forms of occurrence of rocks sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic. It outlines the main principles of tectonics physics and set out the basic mechanism of folding and faulting. A classification of structural form is given and the processes governing their historical, mechanical and regi…
Geohazard / Bencana alam sebagai fenomena alam tetapi sekaligus juga sebagai ancaman yang tidak dapat dihindari. Geohazard akan menjadi ancaman yang sangat menakutkan apabila tidak disiapkan sejak dini Upaya-upaya untuk mengurangi resiko terjadinya
Man tends to term any change in his environment that affects his works or his life in an unwanted fashion as a "catastrophe". Therefore, catastrophes may not only be represented by sudden violent events, such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, but also by the gradual slow drowning of a city like Venice a process that may take centuries to run its course. In this book we shall deal only with …
Geology has evolved greatly since I wrote the manual of field geology in the 1950’s. Advances in theory have transformed the formation mapping of the time into increasingly broader and more interpretive studies. We have much to seek at the outcrop and the rising costs of field work compel us to recognize key features the first time around.