In the field of applied geophysics, the geoelectric methods have been important for about a century, particularly for shallow and near-surface investigations. Geoelectric methods are used extensively to locate buried targets that are conductive and resis• tive in nature. The purpose of active geoelectric surveys is to determine the subsur• face resistivity distribution by making measurements on the ground surface. The ground resistivity is related to various geologic parameters such as the mineral and fluid content, porosity, and degree of water saturation in the rock.
Geoelectric surveying has greatly improved and has become an important and use• ful tool in archaeological and monumental heritage conservation state studies and in hydrogeology, in environmental and engineering applications (e.g., Refs. [1-9]).
Schlumberger brothers introduce the resistivity method in the second decade of
the twentieth century [10,11). In the origin of this technique, the center point of the electrode array remains fixed, but the spacing between the electrodes is increased to
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