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Elements Of Cartography
All creatures presumably have some kind of awareness of their surroundings, and there is abundant evidence that some kind of mental imagery is a normal activity of the brain in at least the higher animals. How this takes place is still a mystery. This imagery ranges from purely pictorial recall such as a remembered face to artificial con-structs such as might occur in a fanciful dream. An indispensable component of imagery is the spatial arrangement of objects. Some of this has to do with the geographical space of concern to hu-mans, and their imagery of the spatial organiza-tion of observable things seems to be as normal as breathing. It can be simple and elementary, as when one is concerned with basic topological rela-tions, such as inside or outside, near or far, in front or behind, or it can be quite sophisticated when objects are positioned in a conceptualized geo-metric space. The lower animals, primitive people, and young children probably construct only simple elemental spatial images; educated adults obviously are capable of highly complex constructions.
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