There are no documented records of when or how mankind first discovered that a certain "black rock" would burn. However, it is known that coal was employed as a fuel in China circa 1100 BC and that Welsh Bronze Age cultures had used coal for funeral pyres. There are many other instances where coal receives some mention in the histori…
With the threat of depletion of conventional sources of energy there has been increased interest in harnessing geothermal energy for man’s use in many countries. However, there as comparatively few people with wide experience in the science and technology of developing this new energy resources.
The statocone of Mt. Cemara Lawang is part of The Mt. Bromo-Tengger volcano complex, East Java, Indonesia. Mt. Cemara Lawang is comosed of a sequences of deposits, comprising the big feldspar lava, andesite lava, phreatomagmatic ash fall, phreatic, basalt lava, basaltic andesite lava, andesite lava, alternating layers of pyroclastic fall and flow and the brown ash fall deposits from the oldest …
Vol enthousiasme en goede moed begon ik in september 997 aan het promotie-onderzoek dat heft geleid tot dit proefschrifit. Toch liep het, vooral de eerste twee jaar, anders dan gehoopt. Zonder alle hulp en steyn die ik heb mogen krijgen had ik dit onderzoek nooit tot een goed einde kunnen volbrengen.
Mt. Semeru volcanic complex is basalt-andesite composite volcano in East Java, Indonesia. The structural geology of study area is indicated by faults or structural trends and negative volcanic landforms such as calderas, maars, craters and escarpments.
The Ijen caldera complex is located in an active tectonic region, where the Indian plate is now sliding approximately northward beneath Java at about 6-7 cm/yr. This study is in two parts, the firs is detailed field mapping and includes a geological map and stratigraphy, which form the basis for other work. The second concentrates on the post-caldera pyroclastic deposits.
The Ijen caldera in East Java contains on of the world's largest (600 x 1000m) and deepest (180m) hyperacid (pH
The volcanic rocks mainly consist of lava flows and pyroclastic deposits that are exposed at the bridgewater, Nelson and Grant volcanis compoxes. Yhe pyroclastic deposits resulting from phreatomagmatic eruption varu in physical characteristics that are likely caused by fluctuation of magma/water ratio during interaction.
The Idjen caldera is classed as a Krakatoa type or stratocone caldera and is characterized by a caldera floor, a caldera escarpment, and older volcanic forms. The caldera diameter rangers from 14 by 16 km at the rim to 11 14 km at the floor with a maximum depth of 709m.