The mount Anak Krakatau is one of the volcano island of Krakatau group or Krakatau volcano island complex consisting four islands of Anak Krakatau, Rakata, Small Rakata and Sertung, those of which are located in Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java.
Vol enthousiasme en goede moed begon ik in september 997 aan het promotie-onderzoek dat heft geleid tot dit proefschrifit. Toch liep het, vooral de eerste twee jaar, anders dan gehoopt. Zonder alle hulp en steyn die ik heb mogen krijgen had ik dit onderzoek nooit tot een goed einde kunnen volbrengen.
Mt. Semeru volcanic complex is basalt-andesite composite volcano in East Java, Indonesia. The structural geology of study area is indicated by faults or structural trends and negative volcanic landforms such as calderas, maars, craters and escarpments.
The Ijen caldera complex is located in an active tectonic region, where the Indian plate is now sliding approximately northward beneath Java at about 6-7 cm/yr. This study is in two parts, the firs is detailed field mapping and includes a geological map and stratigraphy, which form the basis for other work. The second concentrates on the post-caldera pyroclastic deposits.
The Ijen caldera in East Java contains on of the world's largest (600 x 1000m) and deepest (180m) hyperacid (pH
The volcanic rocks mainly consist of lava flows and pyroclastic deposits that are exposed at the bridgewater, Nelson and Grant volcanis compoxes. Yhe pyroclastic deposits resulting from phreatomagmatic eruption varu in physical characteristics that are likely caused by fluctuation of magma/water ratio during interaction.
The Idjen caldera is classed as a Krakatoa type or stratocone caldera and is characterized by a caldera floor, a caldera escarpment, and older volcanic forms. The caldera diameter rangers from 14 by 16 km at the rim to 11 14 km at the floor with a maximum depth of 709m.
The island of Flores, one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, is about 350km long and contains a large number of active or recently active volcanoes. Including Paluweh Island, there are at least 12 volcanoes with records of recent activity.
This thesis describes the result of a geochemical study concering the causes and consenquences of a natural form of environmental pollution that is associated with volcanic activity. Concentrations of chemical elemetns strongly exceed common geological background levels in the study area near Patuha volcano, West Java, Indonesia.