Fundamentals of physical Volcanology is a comprehensive overview of the processes that control when and how volcanoes erupt. Understanding these processes involves bringing together ideas from a number of disciplines, including branches of geology, such as petrology and geochemistry; and aspects of physics, such as fluid dynamics and thermodynamics.
The volcanic rocks mainly consist of lava flows and pyroclastic deposits that are exposed at the bridgewater, Nelson and Grant volcanis compoxes. Yhe pyroclastic deposits resulting from phreatomagmatic eruption varu in physical characteristics that are likely caused by fluctuation of magma/water ratio during interaction.
Mt. Bromo - Tengger is al caldera complex located some 45km to the south of Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. There are at least two calderas Ngadisari and Sandsea which are 8x8 km and 6x7 km in size respectively.